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4)Nasals
Sound	Place of articulation	Manner of articulation	Voicing
/m/ /n/ /η/	Bilabial Alveolar Velar	Nasal Nasal Nasal	Voiced Voiced Voiced
5)Affricates
Sound	Place of articulation	Manner of articulation	Voicing
/tò/ /d3/	Palato–alveolar Palato–alveolar	Affricate Affricate	Voiceless Voiced
6)Glides
Sound	Place of articulation	Manner of articulation	Voicing
/r/ /j/ /w/	Alveolar Palatal Bilabial/velar	Frictionless continuant / glide Semi-vowel / glide Semi-vowel /glide	Voiced Voiced Voiced

There are 44 sounds that are divided into 24 consonants and 20 vowels:
1) Consonants

1)Stops = plosives = explosives
Sound	Place of articulation	Manner of articulation	Voicing
/ b / / p / / d / / t / / g / / k /	Bilabial Bilabial Alveolar Alveolar Velar Velar	plosive plosive plosive plosive plosive plosive	Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless
2)Fricatives
Sound	Place of articulation	Manner of articulation	Voicing
/ f / / v / /q/ /d/ / ò / / 3 / / s / / z / / h /	Labio-dental Labio-dental Dental Dental Palato-alveolar Palato-alveolar Alveolar Alveolar Glottal	Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative	Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless
3)Lateral
Sound	Place of articulation	Manner of articulation	Voicing
/I/	Alveolar	Lateral	Voiced

Sum up
English Phonemes

I–Consonants:

-/p/ as in "people" / "pen"

-/t/ as in "tie" / "ten"

-/g/ as in "good" / " God"

-/v/ as in "vanity" / "van"

-/I/ as in "love" / " look"

-/m/ as in "man" / " moon"

-/j/ as in "year" / "yield"

-/z/ as in "zone" / " zoo"

-/ò/ as in "share" / " shop"

-/d/ as in "they" / " though"

-/w/ as in "want" / " wet"

-/3/ as in "beige" / "casual"

-/η/ as in "going" / " ring"

-/b/ as in "beer" / "bin"

-/d/ as in "deer" / " dirty"

-/f/ as in "fear" / " fan"

-/h/ as in "hear" / " hot"

-/r/ as in "rear" / " run"

-/n/ as in "near" / " nine"

-/s/ as in "case" / " set"

-/k/ as in "cat" / " kin"

-/tò/ as in "chance" / " church"

-/q/ as in "throne" / " thought"

-/d3/ as in "edge" / " age"

II–Vowels:

-/i:/ as in "feel" / "seat"

-/I/ as in "fill" / " sit"

-/e/ as in "fell" / " net"

-/É:/ as in "fall" / "bought"

-/È/ as in "full" / " put"

-/u:/ as in "fool" / "cool"

-/eI/ as in "fail" / "lake"

-/¶È/ as in "hope" / " know"

-/aÈ/ as in "foul" / " mouse"

-/æ/ as in "cat" / " rat"

-/D/ as in "dot" / " dog"

-/^/ as in "cut" / " nut"

-/3:/ as in "dirt" / "third"

-/a:/ as in "cart" / " farm"

-/I¶/ as in "tier" / "near"

-/e¶/ as in "hair" / " mare"

-/È¶/ as in "tour" / " poor"

-/¶/ as in "sister" / "above"

-/aI/ as in "mile" / " night"

-/ÉI/ as in "foil" / " soil"

2) Vowels

-/i:/ ® feet / seat / eat / meat

/fi:t / /si:t / /i:t / /mi:t/

- /I/ ®sit / pit / fit

/sIt / /pIt / /fIt/

- /e/ ®pet / set

/pet/ /set/

- /æ/®fat /cat / bat / mat

/fæt/ /kæt/ /bæt/ /mæt/

-/3:/ ®bird / third / work / word

/b3:rd/ /q3:rd/ /w3:rk//w3:rd/

- /¶/ ® affect : /¶fekt/

- /^/ ®luck / suck / duck / but

/l^k/ /s^k/ /d^k/ /b^t/

- /u:/®too / move

/tu:/ /mu:v/

- /È/ ®book / look / foot

/bÈk/ /lÈk/ /fÈt/

- /É:/ ®horse / course

/hÉ:rs/ /kÉ:rs/

- /D/ ®got / sno / stop / top /

/gDt/ /òDt/ /stDp/ /tDp/

-/a:/®farm / hard / sharp

/fa:rm/ /ha:rd/ /òa:rp/

-/¶ È/=/ou/ : go/gou/ – loan/loun/ – own/oun/ .

/I¶/ as in ''here" /hI¶r/ - near/nI¶r/ -

/e¶/ as in "tear" /te¶r/ - hair/he¶r/ -

-/È¶/ as in "tour" /tÈ¶r/ - poor /pÈ¶r/

-/aÈ/ as in "foul" /faÈl/ - house /haÈs/

-/aI/ as in "mile" /maIl/ - kite/kaIt/

-/eI/ as in ''fate" / feIt/ - male /meIl/

-/ÉI/ as in "foil" /fÉIl/ - oil /ÉIl/

Weak and Strong forms

At the beginning of the sentence , the strong form must be used.

There are three kinds of change :

1)Words with one change. 2)Two changes. 3)Three changes .

(1)Words with one change :

Word	The strong form	The weak form
-and -as -but -than -that -them	/ænd/ /æz/ /b^t/ /æn/ /æt/ /dem/	/ ¶n/ / ¶z/ / b¶t/ /¶n/ /¶t/ / d¶m/
-he -his -him	/hi:/ /hIz / /hIm /	/i:/ /Iz/ /Im/
-her -does -be -was -can -shall -must	/h3:/ /d^z/ /bi:/ /wDz/ /kæn/ /òæl/ /m^st/	/3:/ /d¶z/ /bI/ /w¶z/ /k¶n/ /òl/ /m¶st/
-a -an -at -of -from	/eI/ /æn/ /æt/ /Dv/ /frDm/	/¶/ before consonants /¶n/ before vowels /¶t/ /¶v/ /fr¶m/

Minimal Pairs

Two different words which are identical in everything except for one sound segment in the same place of the word :

Cat , hat

/kæt /hæt/

Minimal Sets

Three words or more which are similar in everything ; the number of sounds , but they are different in one sound :

can , cat , cap

/kæn/ , /kæt/ , /kæp/
Exercise
Transcribe the following words:

Earth		/3:rq/
Hand		/hænd/
Blood		/bl^d/
Thief		/qi:f/
Plant		/pla:nt/
Gun		/g^n/
Driver		/draIv¶r/
Sky		/skaI/
Exam		/Igzæm/
Black		/blæk/
Green		/gri:n/
Cheese		/tòi:z/
Dream		/dri:m/
Nightmare		/naItme¶/
Tough		/t^f/
Blue		/blu:/
Knife		/naIf/
Spoon		/spu:n/
Curse		/k3:rs/
Island		/aIlænd/
Paper		/peIp¶r/
Choose		/tòu:z/
	Lesson	/lesn/

will

/wIl/

-/1/ after a pronoun .

-/l/ after consonants except /l/

-/¶l/ after vowels and /1/

nt : after vowels.

- not /nDt/

nt : after consonants.

Examples

- They are not coming .

deI a:rnt k^mIη/

-They must not come.

deI m^snt k^m

ملحوظة :

الـ 35 كلمة الـ Weak ممكن يتم استخدامهم Strong وذلك في حالتين:

1- يأتوا في نهاية الجملة. 2- أن يكونوا Stressed.

For example,

-can I ? ® /kæn aI ?/

-do they ? ® /du: deI ?/

-have you finished ® /hæv ju: fInIòt ?/

-John has ® /d3Dn hæz/ .

-Merry will ® /me¶rI wIl/

-You are ® /ju: a: /

-I do not want too ® /aI d¶Ènt wDnt tu: /

Exceptions:
Us/them/he/his/him/her

فهم عندما يأتوا في نهاية الجملة فيكتبوا weak ما إن لم يكونوا Stressed.

For example,

-I told her ® /aI t¶Èld 3:/

-She likes them ® /òi: laIks d¶m /

-We called for him ®/wi: k¶Èld f¶r Im /

-They laughed at us ®/deI la:ft ¶t ¶s /

Lesson

/lesn/

Weak and Strong forms

At the beginning of the sentence , the strong form must be used.

There are three kinds of change :

1)Words with one change. 2)Two changes. 3)Three changes .

(1)Words with one change :

Word	The strong form	The weak form
-and -as -but -than -that -them	/ænd/ /æz/ /b^t/ /æn/ /æt/ /dem/	/ ¶n/ / ¶z/ / b¶t/ /¶n/ /¶t/ / d¶m/
-he -his -him	/hi:/ /hIz / /hIm /	/i:/ /Iz/ /Im/
-her -does -be -was -can -shall -must	/h3:/ /d^z/ /bi:/ /wDz/ /kæn/ /òæl/ /m^st/	/3:/ /d¶z/ /bI/ /w¶z/ /k¶n/ /òl/ /m¶st/
-a -an -at -of -from	/eI/ /æn/ /æt/ /Dv/ /frDm/	/¶/ before consonants /¶n/ before vowels /¶t/ /¶v/ /fr¶m/

2-Words with two changes:

Word	Strong form	Weak form
-us	/8s/	-/s/ only with let's , /as/ in everywhere else
-do	/du: /	-/d¶/ before consonants -/d/ before vowels
-to	/tu: /	-/t/ before consonants. -/t/ before vowels

-am	/æm/	/m/ after I , /¶m/ in everywhere else
-are	/a:r/	/¶/ before consonants , /¶r/ before vowels
-have	/hæv/	/v/ after a pronoun , /¶v/ in everywhere else
-had	/hæd/	/d/ after a pronoun , /¶d/ in everywhere else
-would	/wÈd/	/d/ after a pronoun , /¶d/ in everywhere else
-the	/dæ/	/d¶/ before consonants , /di:/ before vowels

3–Words with three changes :

Word	Strong form	Weak form
is	/Iz/ or /Is/	-/s/ after / p , t , k , q , f / -/z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z ,3,d3/ -/Iz/ after / s , z , ò , 3 , tò , d3/
has	/hæz/	-/¶z/ after /s,z ,ò,3,tò,d3/ -/s/ after /p/t/k/q/f/ -/z/ elsewhere.

One syllable words

Grammatical words content (picture) words

Article preposition pronoun verb noun adj adv

a/an/the in/of/on/at he-we-they write book good well

unstressed stressed

At the beginning of a sentence , the strong form is used.

e.g. -us ® /^ s/ - do ® /du:/

-are ® /a:r/ - be ® /bi:/

-was ® /wDz/ - has ® /hæz/

-Singer ® /sIη¶r / -anger ® /æηg¶r/

Clear and dark /1/

- Clear / l / : e.g. let /like

- dark / l / : e.g. fool / consult

Linking /r/

- turn

- teacher

-Never

-Never again

- teacher or English ® /r/ ® linking /r/

Syllabic /l/ , /n/

- little ® /lIt¶l/ or / lItl /

- apple ® /æp¶l/ or /æpl/

- listen ® /lIs¶ n/ or /lIsn/

*md and nd with nasal and weak stop (voiced).

Examples :

-Skimmed milk ® /skIm mIlk/

-He seemed nice ®/hi: si:m naIs/

-It seemed good ® /It si:m gÈd/

-He climbed back ® /hi: klaIm bæk/

-Blind man ® /blaIn mæn/

-Kind nurse ® /kaIn n3:s/

-Tinned beans ® /tIn bi:nz/

-Stand guard ® / stæn ga:rd/

**وهناك كلمات تنطق بطريقتين وهم :

-often ®/Dfn/ or /Dft¶n/

-kindness ® / kaInnIs / or / kaIndnIs /

-asked ® /a:skt/ or /a:st/

-clothes ® /kl¶Èz/ or /kl¶Èqz/

two consonants لا تنطق إذا انحصرت ما بين / t / , / d /

Examples :

- locked car ® /lDk k a:/

- strict parents® /strIk pe¶r¶nts /

- handsome ® /hæns¶m/

- castle ® /ka:sl/

- postman ® /p¶Èsmæn / OR /p¶Èsm¶n/

» فيديو تعليمك القراءة لغة انجليزية 1
» MIX Whispers From Arabia-The Chilled Out Sounds of the Balaban

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phontics - sounds - صوتيات انجليزية

phontics - sounds - صوتيات انجليزية

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